Pioneers

65 pioneers

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Abū al-Wafā Būzhjānī

Work on trigonometric identities and tables, astronomical instruments, and joint observations with al-Bīrūnī.

Abū Kāmil

Algebra with irrational quantities, higher powers, and systems of equations; methods discussed in relation to Fibonacci.

Abū Naṣr Manṣūr

The spherical sine law, preservation of Menelaus’s work, and mathematical collaboration with al-Bīrūnī.

Abū Sahl al-Qūhī

Geometry and mathematical astronomy, including work at the Baghdad observatory.

Aḥmad al-Nahāwandī

Astronomical observations and tables featured in the biographical series.

Al-Battānī

Astronomical tables and observations discussed through his Kitāb al-Zīj and their later reception.

Al-Biṭrūjī

Developed a non-Ptolemaic cosmological model using geocentric spheres and wrote Kitāb al-Hayʾah.

Al-Farghānī

Astronomical work on Earth’s dimensions and engineering projects; discussed in relation to later European astronomy.

Al-Isfizārī

Theory of unequal-arm balances, geometrical measurement, and a summary of Euclid’s Elements.

Al-Jayyānī

Work on spherical trigonometry and commentaries on Euclid’s Elements.

Al-Khāzinī

Astronomical tables and observational work associated with the Seljuk court.

Al-Māhānī

Commentaries on Euclid and Archimedes, geometrical problems, astronomical azimuths, and eclipse observations.

Al-Muʾtaman ibn Hūd

Geometry and the Book of Perfection; an early formulation of the result now called Ceva’s theorem.

Al-Nayrīzī

Commentaries on Euclid and Ptolemy, astronomical tables, atmospheric phenomena, and a treatise on the spherical astrolabe.